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Software is the set of instructions, written in a specific format called a computer program, that tells the hardware what to do. Software is created through the process of computer programming. Computer programming is the process used by computer programmers to create software that solves problems. Software can be broadly divided into two main categories: system software, which manages the computer’s core functions, and application software, which helps users accomplish specific tasks. Essentially, software “drives” the computer’s hardware. For example, when you press a key on your computer’s keyboard (hardware), a code is sent to the computer’s software to display the character pressed. The software then tells the monitor (hardware) how to display the character on the screen. This interaction happens constantly as you use your devices. For example, apps on phones and tablets are application software designed for tasks like messaging, browsing, or photo editing.
To help you visualize this connection, we’ve included a short video that shows how hardware and software work together to make everyday computing tasks possible.
The first major category of software is system software. System software are programs that act as the foundation for a computer system, managing hardware resources, providing a platform for other software (applications) to run, and facilitating communication between various components.
The primary component of the system software is the operating system (OS). Operating systems manage the hardware and create the interface between the hardware and the user.
The second major category of software is application software. Application software is, essentially, software that allows the user to accomplish some goal or purpose. For example, if you have to write a paper, you might use the application software program Microsoft Word. If you want to listen to music, you might use Spotify or VLC Media Player. To surf the web, you might use Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, or Microsoft Edge. Even a computer game could be considered application software.
Productivity software includes tools like word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software, and databases. These help users create, manage, and communicate information. Collaboration tools, such as shared calendars, project management platforms, and communication apps, also fall under the umbrella of productivity software, facilitating teamwork and streamlined workflows. The goal of these applications is to enhance output, improve organization, and ultimately boost overall productivity in both personal and professional settings.
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In modern computing, software suites remain a popular and efficient way to obtain essential applications. These suites bundle several programs designed to work seamlessly together, providing users with a comprehensive set of tools for various tasks. Examples include office suites like Microsoft 365 and Google Workspace, which offer word processing, spreadsheets, and presentation software, often alongside cloud storage and collaboration features. This integration streamlines workflows, enhances compatibility between applications, and frequently offers a more cost-effective solution compared to purchasing individual programs.
Two other subcategories of application software worth mentioning are: utility software and programming software. Utility software includes system software that allows you to fix, modify, and maintain your computer including antivirus software and disk cleanup software. Programming software, on the other hand, is used to create other software. It provides environments called IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) where developers can write, test, and compile code.
