Avoid Plagiarism

1. When and Why to Cite Sources

To an inexperienced writer, citing and documenting sources may seem like busywork; however, complete and accurate citing and documenting of all external sources helps writers achieve three very important goals:

1. It enhances your credibility as a writer. By carefully and accurately citing your external sources in the text and by documenting them at the end of your paper, you show your readers that you are serious about your subject, your research, and the argument which you are making in your paper. You demonstrate that you have studied your subject in sufficient depth by reading credible and authoritative sources. This helps build the ethos in your writing, which you will remember from Unit 1.
2. It helps you to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is trying to pass someone else’s ideas or writing off as your own. It is a serious offense that can damage the reputation of a writer forever and lead to very serious consequences if committed in an academic or professional setting.
3. It helps you demonstrate to your readers that you are an active participant in the community of readers, writers, researchers, and learners. It shows that you are aware of the conversations that are going on among writers and researchers in your field and that you are willing to enter those conversations by researching and writing about the subjects that interest you.

The brief answer to this question is “always.” Every time you use someone else’s ideas, arguments, opinions, or data, you need to carefully acknowledge their author and source.

Keep in mind that you are not just borrowing others’ words when you use sources in your writing; you are borrowing ideas, too. Therefore, even if you are not directly quoting the source, but paraphrasing or summarizing it, you still need to cite it both in the text and at the end of the paper in a list of references.

The only exception is when you are dealing with what is known as “common knowledge.” Common knowledge consists of facts that are so widely known that they do not require a source reference.

EXAMPLE

If you say in your writing that the Earth rotates around the Sun or that Ronald Reagan was a U.S. President, you do not need to cite the sources of this common knowledge formally.

term to know

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else's ideas or writing as your own, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

2. How Plagiarism Occurs

Outright, intentional plagiarism is always a serious offense, but plagiarism can be unintentional as well.

IN CONTEXT

Some students plagiarize on purpose by simply lifting whole paragraphs from their sources and hoping that it looks like their own work. Additionally, with the advent of the Internet, it has become relatively easy to download complete papers. Various people and organizations, sometimes masquerading as “writing consultants,” promise students that they will write a paper on any subject and at any level of complexity for a hefty fee. Clearly, the use of such services by student writers is dishonest and dishonorable.

Other students plagiarize “accidentally”—that is, they fail to cite information they took from a source because they quickly assess that the information they chose resides in a “gray area,” and thus might not need to be cited.

If you see in-text citation of sources as a final, trivial step to writing rather than as an integral part, you are bound to slip up somewhere in your citation practice or lose track of the relationship between your own ideas and those of your sources.

did you know

Your college or university has probably has adopted strict policies for dealing with plagiarizing writers. Punishments for plagiarism are severe and may include a failing grade for the class, but also even expulsion from the university.

3. Preventing Plagiarism

Plagiarism is a problem that exists not only on college, university, and high school campuses.

IN CONTEXT

In recent years, several high-profile cases involving famous writers and journalists have surfaced, in which these writers were accused of either presenting someone else's work as their own or fabricating works based on fictitious or unreliable research.

As mentioned previously, in addition to intentional plagiarism, there is also the unintentional kind. Beginning writers’ work sometimes includes passages that could be considered plagiarized because such writers often do not know how to cite and document external sources properly, or do not understand the importance of following proper citation practices.

Observing the following practices will help you avoid plagiarism:

1. As you research, keep careful notes of your sources. This will help you keep track of which materials in those notes come from external sources and which material is yours. Be sure to record the following information:

• Author
• Title
• Date of publication
• Publisher

2. Remember that when you use external sources, you are borrowing not only the words of another writer, but also their ideas, theories, and opinions. Therefore, even if you summarize or paraphrase a source, be sure to give it full credit.

4. Identifying Plagiarism

Read the following paragraph from an article in The New Yorker magazine.

Now read the following three paragraphs from student papers that attempt to use the article as an external source. As you read, consider the following questions:

1. Would you call any of the students’ paragraphs plagiarized from the original source? Why or why not?
2. If any parts of the students’ passages are plagiarized, what needs to be changed in order to avoid plagiarism? Keep in mind that you may need to rewrite the whole paragraph, not just make changes in individual sentences.
3. Which of the student passages will require more significant rewriting than the others and why?