Advantages and Shortcomings of Virtue-Based Ethics

1. Review of Virtue-Based Ethics

To begin with, recall that virtue-based ethics is a theory of ethics that maintains that an action is to be evaluated based on how that action informs aspects of the agent’s character.

The character traits of an agent are seen as either morally good or bad; they are called virtues and vices, respectively. Traditionally, traits such as patience, courage, generosity, and honesty are seen as virtues; while traits such as impatience, cowardice, greed, and dishonesty are seen as vices.

Because of the emphasis on character, the kind of question you would ask yourself in virtue-based ethics is different from the kind that you would ask if you were primarily concerned with evaluating actions.

2. Advantages

Virtue-based ethics is appealing because it fits with many of our ideas about what ethics should be about. For instance, it’s intuitive to think that being ethical entails striving to be the best kind of person you can be.

hint

Rememeber that "virtue" is translated from the Greek aretê, which can also be translated as "excellence." Both Plato and Aristotle used this term to indicate that something excels at what it’s made to do; for example, an eye that sees well.

One reason we feel ethics should have this focus is that we think ethics should be about more than merely doing good things. Virtue isn’t something you can achieve overnight—it’s something you’re always striving for. For this reason, it’s a lifelong project.

This means that you need to be consistent in your actions if you want to pursue virtue.

think about it

If you wanted to be courageous, would it be enough to do courageous things only when people are around to see them?

Not only do virtues need to be pursued consistently, but this pursuit should be done by everyone because virtues are supposed to be objective. So, this ethical theory also fits the ideal of systematicity.

big idea

The focus on the agent’s character means we get a fuller picture of ethical life.

3. Shortcomings

There are some drawbacks to basing ethics on character, though. Firstly, it means that ethical evaluation is directed more at our own development and less at how our actions affect others. This makes virtue-based ethics seem self-centered.

EXAMPLE

A virtue like prudence may bring you various benefits, such as providing for your future. But the development of this virtue doesn’t necessarily help anyone else.

Another problem is that the focus on character means there isn’t much guidance for action.

think about it

If someone told you that you ought to strive to become wise, would you know how to go about attaining that virtue?

Maybe you start by reading wise authors or listening to wise people so that you have role models. But even then, this is quite vague. What’s more, it’s not clear how we can decide which character traits are virtues and which are vices in the first place.

Finally, it’s difficult to evaluate actions from the perspective of virtue-based ethics.

IN CONTEXT

Imagine you’re with some friends and you’re introduced to someone who strikes you as very insightful and appears to display a nuanced judgment of things.

They look like they’re wise. But how can you be sure? Perhaps they're just repeating what they read in a book or what they heard on the news.

As you can see, it’s difficult to determine if what someone says is really a manifestation of a virtue or not. Therefore, it’s difficult to decide if their action is morally praiseworthy.